Oct
17
THE ABACUS
Renowned by creating Neperion logarithms Scottish mathematician John Nepier based on an ancient Indian system of calculations and created a playing board with bars, which went down in history under the name "Bones of Nepier" because the bars were kokkalines. With the "bones" Could these relatively easy calculation multiplications and quotient. This method was very popular and used by Ms. 20th century in many countries, especially in the UK. In the "bones of Nepier 'have, over the years, a number of improvements in order to have better readability and can be used for other calculations, such as e.g. to calculate the square root of a number.
The French mathematician Blaise Pascal (Blaise Pascal) built in 1645 the first true calculator, which was surnamed Paskalina (Pascaline). With the engine that could one do (relatively) easy mathematical calculations. The machine from Pascal had pulleys, which when periestrefe the user had the results. The machine was compact and could easily fit into a small table. The original "computer" had five gears (so it can do calculations with relatively small numbers), but manufactured in variants with six eight a.m. gears. The machine performed two operations, addition and subtraction. At the top there are a number of sprockets (gears), each containing the numbers from 0 to 9. The first wheel is symbolized units, the second tens, hundreds, the third, and so on
O Leibniz, in 1674, perfected the machine from Pascal to be able to perform multiplications and divisions. In the early stages of his career, he invented the binary numeral system is until today the basis for computer programming languages.
The 19th century was the Age of Steam, and had created a lot of machines that worked 'automatically' with steam. British mathematician Charles Babbage (Charles Babbage) designed a machine which would work with steam and could be used to perform calculations. His ideas were very innovative, with the result that it is possible to carry them out because of the limitations of the technology of the time. Thus the Analytical Engine of Babbage was only in theory and is never built, despite the efforts of its creator. Ada Lovelace, the first analyst / programmer The machine Babbage was very innovative for its time, so I did not manage to create as wanted. His plans, however, not in vain, since the Ada Lovelace (Ada Lovelace) the recorded and processed, making it go down in history as the first programmer / analyst in computer history. In honor of one of the modern programming languages named (Ada). It is worth mentioning that Lady Ada was the daughter of Lord Byron philhellene helped too the Greek Revolution.
The machine Cholerith 1890
The United States of America gathered too many people who went there to find a better life. In the late 19th century, the US Government He decided to make a census of the population. The promoters wanted to know how many people have their country. However, because the place was great, the inventory process was huge and very time consuming. So they made a competition to create a machine that would facilitate the processing and recording of data to be collected from the census. The Herman Hollerith (Herman Hollerith) built for the competition a machine, with which the US Government He managed to complete the inventory within two years, a record time for those times. The machine was called Census Tabulator (taxonomy Census) and was the starting point for creating the largest (as a few years ago) computer company in the world, IBM (International Business Machines). A few years later, a member of IBM will declare: "In the world there is a market only half a dozen computers'
In 1946, after the end of WWII, the United States needed a device to assist the military in calculations to find their weapons to target more precisely. For the first time created a huge machine that instead of mechanical parts used electron tubes, made by Lee De Forest (Lee DeForest). The first computer operated with lamps surnamed ENIAC. The ENIAC was enormous in size (occupied an entire floor), and had to constantly check the scientists. Often, too, they burned the lights and had to replace them. Even the most humble current computer is a thousand times better than the ENIAC in potential. But it was the first serious attempt to create a computing machine.
During this period the tubes are replaced by transistors. These electronic structures (transistors, such as the electronic call) allow the creation of smaller and faster computers. In 1956 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) built the first electronic computer that operated with transistors, the TX-0.
In 1958, Jack Kilmpy Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments company managed to create something that would change the world of electronics forever. Built the first integrated circuit by combining transistors, capacitors, resistors and other electronic components all mounted on the same piece of silicon. The creation of Kilmpi allowed scientists to construct computer so small that it can even carry them. Also used in a variety of other applications such as telecommunications, media, and even games.
tion. Each of them is equipped with a processor (CPU), has its own memory, information storage unit, monitor, and some sort of instrument for giving information to the computer (keyboard, stylus, mouse etc.). According to the law of Moore, about every 18 months the validity of produced computers doubles. Thus, it becomes clear why a computer purchased today is (almost) twice faster than a computer of the same "class" that was purchased before half time.
It is the latest-and-coming generation of the 90s. He started by Japan, which was implemented from 1982 the Fifth Generation Computer Development Program. The goal was to create computers with human behavior in terms of hardware but (hardware) and not just the software, which prevailed until then in artificial intelligence. New computers are now 'computers-robots "that can perform, engineering, thinking, with learning opportunities and the support of memory available.
Computers in Antiquity
THE ABACUS
THE ABACUS: Around 2200 BC The ancient Babylonians had developed trade much and needed something to help them in their calculations. There is a saying "Necessity is the mother of creation." This need led them to create the first computer, which was none other than the famous Abacus used by all children in the first grade of school. The official name is Abacus
THE ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM, 150-100 BC
The ancient Greeks had developed enormous culture and, of course, interested in the sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, etc. The information we have about ancient Greek technology is mainly written. The only mechanisms (or fragments thereof) which have so far been discovered is the Antikythera mechanism and the Byzantine mechanism. The Antikythera Mechanism is a unit of astronomical calculations characterized worldwide as the "most ancient Computer." Constructed around 87 BC -probably in Rodo- and had 32 toothed gears. When transferring to Rome the ship sank near Antikythera discovered around 1900 by a group of sponge divers. Today is the National Archaeological Museum. Its dimensions are 16 x 32 x 9 cm (same as a modern laptop). They consisted of a shell with illustrative tables on its outer side and a complex mechanism 32 inside the wheel. The table showing the annual movement of the sun in the zodiac and the sunrises and sunsets of brilliant stars and constellations during the yearComputers on the Renaissance
>The "Bones of Nepier" 1610 AD
Renowned by creating Neperion logarithms Scottish mathematician John Nepier based on an ancient Indian system of calculations and created a playing board with bars, which went down in history under the name "Bones of Nepier" because the bars were kokkalines. With the "bones" Could these relatively easy calculation multiplications and quotient. This method was very popular and used by Ms. 20th century in many countries, especially in the UK. In the "bones of Nepier 'have, over the years, a number of improvements in order to have better readability and can be used for other calculations, such as e.g. to calculate the square root of a number.
The machine of Pascal, 1645
The French mathematician Blaise Pascal (Blaise Pascal) built in 1645 the first true calculator, which was surnamed Paskalina (Pascaline). With the engine that could one do (relatively) easy mathematical calculations. The machine from Pascal had pulleys, which when periestrefe the user had the results. The machine was compact and could easily fit into a small table. The original "computer" had five gears (so it can do calculations with relatively small numbers), but manufactured in variants with six eight a.m. gears. The machine performed two operations, addition and subtraction. At the top there are a number of sprockets (gears), each containing the numbers from 0 to 9. The first wheel is symbolized units, the second tens, hundreds, the third, and so on
The machine of Leibniz, 1674
O Leibniz, in 1674, perfected the machine from Pascal to be able to perform multiplications and divisions. In the early stages of his career, he invented the binary numeral system is until today the basis for computer programming languages.
The Analytical Engine of Babbage, 1822
Main article: Analytical Engine
The 19th century was the Age of Steam, and had created a lot of machines that worked 'automatically' with steam. British mathematician Charles Babbage (Charles Babbage) designed a machine which would work with steam and could be used to perform calculations. His ideas were very innovative, with the result that it is possible to carry them out because of the limitations of the technology of the time. Thus the Analytical Engine of Babbage was only in theory and is never built, despite the efforts of its creator. Ada Lovelace, the first analyst / programmer The machine Babbage was very innovative for its time, so I did not manage to create as wanted. His plans, however, not in vain, since the Ada Lovelace (Ada Lovelace) the recorded and processed, making it go down in history as the first programmer / analyst in computer history. In honor of one of the modern programming languages named (Ada). It is worth mentioning that Lady Ada was the daughter of Lord Byron philhellene helped too the Greek Revolution.
The machine Cholerith 1890
The United States of America gathered too many people who went there to find a better life. In the late 19th century, the US Government He decided to make a census of the population. The promoters wanted to know how many people have their country. However, because the place was great, the inventory process was huge and very time consuming. So they made a competition to create a machine that would facilitate the processing and recording of data to be collected from the census. The Herman Hollerith (Herman Hollerith) built for the competition a machine, with which the US Government He managed to complete the inventory within two years, a record time for those times. The machine was called Census Tabulator (taxonomy Census) and was the starting point for creating the largest (as a few years ago) computer company in the world, IBM (International Business Machines). A few years later, a member of IBM will declare: "In the world there is a market only half a dozen computers'
Synchronous (electronic) computers
1st Generation Computer (1946- 1956)
In 1946, after the end of WWII, the United States needed a device to assist the military in calculations to find their weapons to target more precisely. For the first time created a huge machine that instead of mechanical parts used electron tubes, made by Lee De Forest (Lee DeForest). The first computer operated with lamps surnamed ENIAC. The ENIAC was enormous in size (occupied an entire floor), and had to constantly check the scientists. Often, too, they burned the lights and had to replace them. Even the most humble current computer is a thousand times better than the ENIAC in potential. But it was the first serious attempt to create a computing machine.
2nd Generation Computer (1956- 1963
During this period the tubes are replaced by transistors. These electronic structures (transistors, such as the electronic call) allow the creation of smaller and faster computers. In 1956 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) built the first electronic computer that operated with transistors, the TX-0.
3rd Generation (1964- 1971)
In 1958, Jack Kilmpy Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments company managed to create something that would change the world of electronics forever. Built the first integrated circuit by combining transistors, capacitors, resistors and other electronic components all mounted on the same piece of silicon. The creation of Kilmpi allowed scientists to construct computer so small that it can even carry them. Also used in a variety of other applications such as telecommunications, media, and even games.
4th Generation (1971 - 1990)
The computers we have today belong to the 4th Generation. Each of them is equipped with a processor (CPU), has its own memory, information storage unit, monitor, and some sort of instrument for giving information to the computer (keyboard, stylus, mouse etc.). According to the law of Moore, about every 18 months the validity of produced computers doubles. Thus, it becomes clear why a computer purchased today is (almost) twice faster than a computer of the same "class" that was purchased before half time.
5th generation computers (1990 -
It is the latest-and-coming generation of the 90s. He started by Japan, which was implemented from 1982 the Fifth Generation Computer Development Program. The goal was to create computers with human behavior in terms of hardware but (hardware) and not just the software, which prevailed until then in artificial intelligence. New computers are now 'computers-robots "that can perform, engineering, thinking, with learning opportunities and the support of memory available.